Table 8 Examples of TiO₂-NPs used in the agricultural sector to control the infection with different pests, insects, and microbes

TiO₂-NPs

Leaf aqueous extract of Pouteria campechiana

Aedes aegypti (larvae and pupa)

Not detected

Maximum death of larvae and pupa was attained at 900 µg/ml

[318]

TiO₂-NPs

Commercial with concentrations of 31.25–1000 ppm

Tested against Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Cotton, tomatoes

Toxic effects at all concentrations

[316]

TiO₂-NPs + ZnO-NPs

Chemical

TiO₂ (100 ppm), ZnO (250 ppm)

Bactericera cockerelli nymphs

Tomato plants

Causing 99% mortality under lab conditions and 32% mortality under greenhouse conditions

[317]

TiO₂-NPs (co-doped fluorine and nitrogen)

Not detected

Fusarium oxysporum

Tomatoes

Completely eradicated fungal strain under visible-light condition

[248]

TiO₂-NPs + Ag/Zn dopants

Commercial with concentration of 500–800 ppm

Xanthomonas perforans

Tomatoes

High antibacterial activity under visible light

[319]

TiO₂-NPs

Desmostachya bipinnata

Spodoptera litura and Aedes aegypti (larvae and pupa)

Not detected

The highest mortality of 96% and 94% against A. aegypti and S. litura respectively was attained at 900 µg/mL.

[320]

Solanum trilobatum

pediculocidal, and larvicidal activities

A subpictus and Hyalomma anatolicum

High mortality rate at

2–10 µg/mL of TiO₂-NPs

[321]

Beauveria bassiana

Noctuidae pests

Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera frugiperda

50% mortality of caterpillars with lower toxicity

[322]

Moringa oleifera

Bipolaris sorokiniana infection

wheat

40 mg/L of TiO₂-Np was sufficient to reduce disease severity

[323]

Bacillus thuringiensis

Ephestia kuehniella larvae

Mediterranean flour moth

Potential nano pesticides, 74% larval mortality

[324]

Ag/Fe/TiO₂-NPs

Trichoderma harzianum

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Anodontites trapesialis

Fungicidal action after 48 of TiO₂-Np exposure

[325]