Fig. 5

Mechanistic understanding of heterologous dopamine pathway engineering. A Production of dopamine (blue bars) and l-DOPA (grey bars) by RBS engineered E. coli FUS4.T2 pJNTN_hpaBC_ddc. B The GC content of RBS_hpaBC was kept at 80–100% and different GC content of RBS_ddc was analysed. The best producer was marked in red. C In vitro rational pathway engineering was applied for dopamine synthesis. The supernatants from lysed cells were combined in varying ratios with increasing concentrations of Ddc. Data represent mean of replicates (n = 3) with standard deviation as error bars