Table 2 Overall process parameters in microaerobic conditions on lactose and Whey

Phase

Aerobic

O-limited

Aerobic

O-limited

Y_IPA/LAC

[Cmol Cmol^− 1]

0.159 ± 0.015

0.256 ± 0.003

0.267 ± 0.004

0.309 ± 0.024

Y_IPA/LAC

[mol mol^− 1]

0.635 ± 0.061

1.02 ± 0.01

1.07 ± 0.01

1.23 ± 0.10

Y_ACO/LAC

[Cmol Cmol^− 1]

0.035 ± 0.004

0.042 ± 0.016

0.070 ± 0.006

0.050 ± 0.004

Y_ACO/LAC

[mol mol^− 1]

0.140 ± 0.014

0.167 ± 0.064

0.278 ± 0.023

0.200 ± 0.015

q_{p, ipa}

[mmol g^− 1 h^− 1]

0.836 ± 0.035

2.757 ± 0.175

1.001 ± 0.020

2.215 ± 0.009

q_{p, aco}

[mmol g^− 1 h^− 1]

0.399 ± 0.075

0.394 ± 0.113

0.261 ± 0.013

0.361 ± 0.001

Carbon balance [%]

108.2 ± 4.4

94.2 ± 4.9

123.8 ± 1.6

115.8 ± 4.8