Table 2 Metabolic engineering for Astaxanthin production

Komagataella phaffii PP-L89-C

Optimization of the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway, screening of different fusion enzymes, regulation of the NADPH synthesis, improvement of the precursor supply, and the optimization of fermentation parameters

716.13

16.88

[37]

P. rhodozyma DW6

Using two-stage pH strategies and an inferior substrate of sugarcane molasses as the sole carbon and nitrogen source

374.30

9.0

[38]

S. cerevisiae YM13-TS

Balance the expression of β-carotene hydroxylase and ketolase and spatial regulation through lipid droplet engineering

446.40

9.8

[39]

Yarrowia lipolytica YL17

Assemble the heterologous metabolic pathway using fusion enzymes CrtW-Z and target expression in subcellular organelles

858.00

16.7

[40]

H. pluvialis QLD

Establish an efficient nitrogen feeding strategy accompanied with high light induction

430.29

65.62

[41]