Table 1 A Comparative Assessment of Plant, Animal, and Microbial Variants Based on Cost, Efficiency, and Stability [15]

Plant-Based

Inexpensive raw materials but extraction and purification increase costs.

Moderate activity; limited substrate diversity.

Less stable under extreme pH and temperature conditions

Animal-Based

Costly due to complex extraction and ethical considerations.

High substrate specificity; requires specific conditions.

Stable within narrow pH and temperature ranges; less versatile for broader industrial uses.

Microbial-Based

Cost-effective; high yield via fermentation and low-cost substrates.

Highly efficient; broad substrate range and versatile for diverse applications.

Exceptionally stable under extreme conditions (pH, temperature); enhanced through genetic engineering.