Fig. 2
From: Metabolic engineering approaches for the biosynthesis of antibiotics
Strategies for diversifying antibiotics. A Application of tailoring enzymes with type II PKS to diversify polyketide-based antibiotics. B Engineering of type I and III PKSs. Altering substrate-interacting domains in type I PKS changes starter/extender unit selectivity, facilitating the production of novel antibiotics. Production of fluorinated erythromycin using fluoromalonyl-CoA is shown as an example. For certain type III PKSs, substrate promiscuity can be employed to diversify products. Engineering the cavity near the active site of a type III PKS can alter the carbon chain lengths of the products. C As NRPS comprises functional domains, engineering these modular systems can lead to the production of a wide range of non-natural antibiotics