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Fig. 2 | Microbial Cell Factories

Fig. 2

From: Regulatory mechanisms of acetic acid, ethanol and high temperature tolerances of acetic acid bacteria during vinegar production

Fig. 2

Overview of acetic acid tolerance mechanisms of AAB. (a) Alteration of capsule and cell membrane components prevents the influx of acetic acid. (b) Enhancement of membrane-bound enzyme activity, particularly PQQ-ADH. (c) Acceleration of acetic acid efflux efficiency by PMF- efflux pump and ABC-transporter. (d) Enhancement of acetic acid peroxidation in the cytoplasm. (e) Upregulation of stress response molecular chaperones. (f) Activation of the quorum sensing system. (g) Reliance on type II toxin-antitoxin systems

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Microbial Cell Factories

ISSN: 1475-2859

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