Fig. 1
Metabolic engineering strategies for α-ketoisovalerate production from lactose by recombinant K. oxytoca. NOD, non-enzymatic oxidative decarboxylation; GALT, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; LacY, lactose permease; GALK, galactokinase; GK, glucose kinase; GALE, UDP-galactose-4-epimerase; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; Pta, phosphate acetyltransferase; PFL, pyruvate formate-lyase; LdhD, D-lactate dehydrogenase; PoxB, pyruvate oxidase; AdhE, ethanol dehydrogenase; FrdA, α-subunit of fumarate reductase. BudB, α-acetolactate synthase of K. oxytoca; AlsS, α-acetolactate synthase of B. subtilis 168; DHAD, dihydroxyacid dehydratase from E. coli W3110; AHAIR, acetohydroxyacid isomeroreductase of E. coli W3110; AHAIRM, mutant acetohydroxyacid isomeroreductase of E. coli W3110; BudA, α-acetolactate decarboxylase; BudC, meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase; BkdAA, α-subunit of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex; LeuDH, leucine dehydrogenase of B. subtilis 168