Fig. 7

Specific anti-HA1 antibody levels in mice orally and intranasally immunized with the engineered L. plantarum strains. a Experimental protocol for oral and intranasal immunisation of mice with pSIP401-ZN-3 and pSIP401-HA1-ZN-3; b, e Specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in intestinal lavage fluid from mice in each group after immunisation with recombinant L. plantarum strains; c, f Specific sIgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice in each group after immunisation with recombinant L. plantarum strains; d, g Specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in mice from each group after immunisation with recombinant L. plantarum strains. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, **P < 0.001 were defined as statistically significant values