Fig. 1

Ascospore discharge method—A Germinated ascospores of Protoparmeliopsis muralis after 6 days (200 × magnification); Colony formation after 75 days of B Circinaria contorta (20 × magnification); C Xanthoria parietina (20 × magnification) and D P. muralis (40 × magnification). A and C from Zakeri et al. [22]