Fig. 3

Effects of initial cinnamyl alcohol concentration on whole-cell biotransformation. Conditions: 0–5.5 mM cinnamyl alcohol, 8.5 mM cinnamic acid, 51 mM glucose, wet cells (OD_600nm 50), 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 200 rpm, 30 °C, 3 mL final volume; the reaction lasted 2 h under the above conditions, with different the letters representing significant differences between the treatment means (p < 0.05)